Scripps Research Logo

The Gallay Laboratory

Publications

 

2024 |2023 | 2022 |  2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |  2010 |  2009 |  2008 |  2007 |  2006 |  2005 |  2004 |  2003

  

2024

Stauffer W, Goodman AZ, Bobardt M., Ure D, Forster R, Gallay P.  Mice lacking Cyclophilin B, but not cyclophilin A, are protected from the development of NASH in a diet and chemical-induced model PLoS 2024 Mar 1;19(3):e0298211. Doi: 10.1371/ournal.pone.0298211. eCollection 2024

 

2023

Stauffer W, Bobardt M, Ure D, Foster R, Gallay P. The Cyclophilin Inhibitor Rencofilstat Decreases HCV-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Independently of its Antiviral Activity Viruses 2023 Oct 17;15(10):2099. doi: 10.3390/v15102099.

 

Gallay PA, Ramirez CM, Baum MM Acute antagonism in three-drug combinations for vaginal HIV prevention in humanized mice.  Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 21;13(1):4594. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31695-5. PMID: 36944714 Free PMC article.

 

Gunawardana M, Remedios-Chan M, Sanchez D, Fanter R, Webster S, Webster P, Moss JA, Trinh M, Beliveau M, Ramirez CM, Marzinke MA, Kuo J, Gallay PA, Baum MM. Preclinical Considerations for Long-acting Delivery of Tenofovir Alafenamide from Subdermal Implants for HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Pharm Res. 2023 Jul;40(7):1657-1672. doi: 10.1007/s11095-022-03440-6. Epub 2022 Nov 23. PMID: 36418671

 

Ewart G, Bobardt M, Bentzen BH, Yan Y, Thomson A, Klumpp K, Becker S, Rosenkilde MM, Miller M, Gallay P. Post-infection treatment with the E protein inhibitor BIT225 reduces disease severity and increases survival of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice infected with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog. 2023 Aug 7;19(8):e1011328. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011328. Online ahead of print. PMID: 37549173 Free article.

 

2022

Gunawardana M, Remedios-Chan M, Sanchez D, Webster S, Castonguay AE, Webster P, Buser C, Moss JA, Trinh M, Beliveau M, Hendrix CW, Marzinke MA, Tuck M, Caprioli RM, Reyzer ML, Kuo J,   Gallay  PA, Baum MM.   Fundamental aspects of long-acting tenofovir alafenamide delivery from subdermal implants for HIV prophylaxis.   Sci Rep. 2022 May 17;12(1):8224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11020-2.

 

Simón Serrano S, Tavecchio M, Grönberg A, Elmér E,  Kifagi C,   Gallay  P, Hansson MJ, Massoumi R.   Synergistic Effects of Sanglifehrin-Based Cyclophilin Inhibitor NV651 with Cisplatin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.   Cancers (Basel). 2022 Sep 20;14(19):4553. Doi: 10.3390/cancers14194553.

 

Gunawardana M, Webster S, Rivera S, Cortez JM Jr, Breslin J, Pinales C, Buser C, Ibarrondo FJ, Yang OO, Bobardt M,   Gallay  PA, Adler AP, Ramirez CM, Anton PA, Baum MM.   Early SARS-CoV-2 dynamics and immune responses in unvaccinated participants of an intensely sampled longitudinal surveillance study.   Commun Med (Lond). 2022 Oct 11;2:129. doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00195-4. eCollection 2022.

 

2021

 

Paull JRA, Luscombe CA, Castellarnau A, Heery GP, Bobardt MD, Gallay PA. Protective Effects of Astodrimer Sodium 1% Nasal Spray Formulation against SARS-CoV-2 Nasal Challenge in K18-hACE2 Mice. Viruses. 2021 Aug 20;13(8):1656. doi: 10.3390/v13081656.

 

Do TND, Donckers K, Vangeel L, Chatterjee AK,  Gallay PA, Bobardt MD, Bilello JP, Cihlar T, De Jonghe S, Neyts J, Jochmans D. A Robust SARS-CoV-2 Replication Model in Primary Human Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface to Assess Antiviral Agents. Antiviral Res. 2021 June 26,192:105122.  doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021. 105122. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34186107.

 

Bobardt M, Ramirez CM, Baum MM, Ure D, Foster R, Gallay PA. The Combination of the NS5A and Cyclophilin Inhibitors Results in an Additive Anti-HCV Inhibition in Humanized Mice without Development of Resistance.  PLoS One. 2021 May 20;16(5):e0251934. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251934. eCollection 2021. PMID: 34014993.

 

Serrano SS, Tavecchio M, Gronberg A, Sime W, Jemaa M, Moss S, Gregory MA,  Gallay P, Elmer E, Hansson MJ, Massoui R. Novel Cyclophilin Inhibitor Decreases Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth in Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.  Cancers 2021, 13(12), 3041 (This article belongs to the Special Issue  Curative Strategies for the Management of Hepatocellular Cancer). doi: 10.3390. cancers13123041.

 

Paull JRA, Heery GP, Bobardt MD, Castellarnau A, Luscombe CA, Fairley JK,  Gallay PA. Virucidal and Antiviral Activity of Astodrimer Sodium against SARS-CoV-2  in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2021 Jul;191:105089. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105089. Epub 2021 May 16. PMID: 34010661.

 

 

2020

 

Gundawardana M, Remedios-Chan M, Sanchez D, Webster S, Galvan P, Fanter R, Castonguay A, Webster P, Moss JA, Kuo, J,  Gallay PA, Vincent KL, Motamedi M, Weinberger D, Marzinke MA, Hendrix CW, Baum MM. Multispecies Evaluation of a Long-Acting Tenofovir Alafenamide Subdermal Implant for HIV Prophylaxis. Front. Pharmacol., 2020 Nov 25; 11:569373. doi: 10.3389. eCollection 2020. PMID: 33536904

 

Bobardt M, Hansson MJ, Mayo P, Ure D, Foster R, Gallay P. Structurally distinct cyclosporin and sanglifehrin analogs CRV431 and NV556 suppress established HCV infection in humanized-liver mice. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 7;15(8):e0237236. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237236. eCollection 2020. PMID: 32764799

 

Baum MM, Ramirez CM, Moss JA, Gunawardana M, Bobardt M, Gallay PA. Highly synergistic drug combination prevents vaginal HIV infection in humanized mice. Sci Rep. 2020 Aug 3;10(1):12995. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69937-5. PMID: 32747682 Free PMC article.

 

Bobardt M, Kuo J, Chatterji U, Wiedemann N, Vuagniaux G, Gallay P.  The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins Antagonist Debio 1143 Promotes the PD-1 Blockade-Mediated HIV Load Reduction in Blood and Tissues of Humanized Mice. PLoS One. 2020 Jan 24; 15(1).

 

 

 

 

2019


Simón Serrano S, Grönberg A, Longato L, Rombouts K, Kuo J, Gregory M, Moss S, Elmér E, Mazza G, Gallay P, Pinzani M, Hansson MJ, Massoumi R.  Evaluation of NV556, a Novel Cyclophilin Inhibitor, as a Potential Antifibrotic Compound for Liver Fibrosis. Cells. 2019 Nov 8; 8(11).

 

Kuo J, Bobardt M, Chatterji U, Mayo PR, Trepanier DJ, Foster RT, Gallay P, Ure DR. A Pan-Cyclophilin Inhibitor, CRV431, Decreases Fibrosis and Tumor Development in Chronic Liver Disease Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2019 Nov;371(2):231-241.

 

Kuo J, Serrano SS, Grönberg A, Massoumi R, Hansson MJ, Gallay P. Cyclophilin Inhibitor NV556 Reduces Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Mice With Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Sep 26;10:1129.

 

Gallay P, Ure D, Bobardt M, Chatterji U, Ou J, Trepanier D, Foster R. The cyclophilin inhibitor CRV431 inhibits liver HBV DNA and HBsAg in transgenic mice. PLoS One. 2019 Jun 10;14(6):e0217433.


Bobardt M, Kuo J, Chatterji U, Chanda S, Little SJ, Wiedemann N, Vuagniaux G, Gallay PA. The inhibitor apoptosis protein antagonist Debio 1143 Is an attractive HIV-1 latency reversal candidate. PLoS One. 2019 Feb 4;14(2):e0211746.

 

 

2018

 

de Wilde AH, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Beugeling C, Chatterji U, de Jong D, Gallay P, Szuhai K, Posthuma CC, Snijder EJ. Coronaviruses and arteriviruses display striking differences in their cyclophilin A-dependence during replication in cell culture. Virology. 2018 Apr;517:148-156.


Gallay PA, Chatterji U, Kirchhoff A, Gandarilla A, Pyles RB, Baum MM, Moss JA. 2018. Protection Efficacy of C5A Against Vaginal and Rectal HIV Challenges in Humanized Mice. Open Virol J. Feb 28;12:1-13.

 

 

2017

 

Gallay PA, Chatterji U, Kirchhoff A, Gandarilla A, Gunawardana M, Pyles RB, Marzinke MA, Moss JA, Baum MM. 2017. Prevention of vaginal and rectal HIV transmission by antiretroviral combinations in humanized mice. PLoS One. Sep 7;12(9):e0184303. 


Vidotto A, Morais AT, Ribeiro MR, Pacca CC, Terzian AC, Gil LH, Mohana-Borges R, Gallay P, Nogueira ML. Systems Biology Reveals NS4B-Cyclophilin A Interaction: A New Target to Inhibit YFV Replication. J Proteome Res. 2017 Apr 7;16(4):1542-1555.

 

 

2016

 

Chatterji U, Bobardt M, Schaffer L, Wood M,  Gallay PA. 2016. Cyclophilin Inhibitors Remodel the Endoplasmic Reticulum of HCV-Infected Cells in a Unique Pattern Rendering Cells Impervious to a Reinfection.  PLoS One. 11(7):e0159511.

Gallay PA,Chatterji U, Bobardt MD, Long Z, Zhang S, Su Z. 2016. Characterization of the Anti-HCV Activities of the New Cyclophilin Inhibitor STG-175.  PLoS One. 11(4):e0152036.

 

 

2015

 

Chatterji U, Bobardt M, Tai A, Wood M, & Gallay PA. 2015. Cyclophilin and NS5A inhibitors, but not other anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents, preclude HCV-mediated formation of double-membrane-vesicle viral factories. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.  59(5):2496-2507.

Gallay PA, Bobardt MD, Chatterji U, Trepanier DJ, Ure D, Ordonez C, & Foster R. 2015. The Novel Cyclophilin Inhibitor CPI-431-32 Concurrently Blocks HCV and HIV-1 Infections via a Similar Mechanism of Action. PLoS One. 10(8): e0134707.

Hansson MJ, Moss SJ, Bobardt M, Chatterji U, Coates N, Garcia-Rivera JA, Elmer E, Kendrew S, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Nur EAM, Warneck T, Wilkinson B, Gallay P, & Gregory MA. 2015. Bioengineering and semisynthesis of an optimized cyclophilin inhibitor for treatment of chronic viral infection. Chem Biol. 22(2):285-292.

Hopkins S, & Gallay PA. 2015. The role of immunophilins in viral infection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1850(10):2103-2110.

Phillips S, Chokshi S, Chatterji U, Riva A, Bobardt M, Williams R, Gallay P, & Naoumov NV. 2015. Alisporivir inhibition of hepatocyte cyclophilins reduces HBV replication and hepatitis B surface antigen production. Gastroenterology. 148(2):403-414.e407.

Veazey RS, Chatterji U, Bobardt M, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Li J, Wang X, & Gallay PA. 2015. C5A Protects Macaques from Vaginal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 60(1):693-698.

 

 

2014

 

Lim PJ,  Gallay PA. 2014. Hepatitis C NS5A protein: two drug targets within the same protein with different mechanisms of resistance. Curr Opin Virol. 8C:30-37.

Chatterji U, Garcia-Rivera JA, Baugh J, Gawlik K, Wong KA, Zhong W, Brass CA, Naoumov NV,  Gallay PA. 2014. The Combination of Alisporivir plus an NS5A Inhibitor Provides Additive to Synergistic Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Activity without Detectable Cross-Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58(6):3327-3334.

Gawlik K,  Gallay PA. 2014. HCV core protein and virus assembly: what we know without structures. Immunol Res. 60(1):1-10.

Gawlik K, Baugh J, Chatterji U, Lim PJ, Bobardt MD, Gallay PA. 2014. HCV core residues critical for infectivity are also involved in core-NS5A complex formation. PLoS One. 9(2):e88866.

Gallay P. 2014. Resistance to Cyclophilin Inhibitors. In M. Gotte, A. Berghuis, G. Matlashewski, M. Wainberg, & D. Sheppard (Eds.), Handbook of Antimircrobial Resistance: 1-24.

Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Bobardt M, Moncla B, Mankowski MK, Ptak RG,  Gallay P, & Chen Z. 2014. Evaluation of PD 404,182 as an anti-HIV and anti-herpes simplex virus microbicide. Antimircrob Agents Chemother. 58(2): 687-697.

Bobardt M, Chatteriji U, Lim P, Gawlik K, & Gallay P. 2014. Both Cyclophilin Inhibitors and Direct-Acting Antivirals Prevent PKR Activaion in HCV-Infected Cells. Open Virol J. 8:1-8.

 

 

2013

 

Baugh JM, Garcia-Rivera JA,  Gallay PA. 2013. Host-targeting agents in the treatment of hepatitis C: a beginning and an end? Antiviral Res. 100(2):555-561.

Gallay PA, Ptak RG, Bobardt MD, Dumont JM, Vuagniaux G, Rosenwirth B. 2013. Correlation of naturally occurring HIV-1 resistance to DEB025 with capsid amino acid polymorphisms. Viruses. 5(3):981-97.

Gallay PA, Lin K. 2013. Profile of alisporivir and its potential in the treatment of hepatitis C. Drug Des Devel Ther. 7:105-115.

 

 

2012

 

Hopkins, S., DiMassimo, B, Rusnak, P., Heuman, D., Lalezari, J., Sluder, A.,  Scorneaux, B., Mosier, S., Kowalczyk, P., Ribeill, Y., Baugh, J., and  Gallay, P.A. 2012. The cyclophilin inhibitor SCY-635 suppresses viral replication and induces endogenous interferons in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. J. Hepatol.  56(7):3888-3897.

Maskiewicz, R., Bobardt, M., Chatterji, U., Gunaseelan, S., Dezzutti, C.S., Penin, F., and  Gallay , P.A. 2012. Sublimable C5A delivery provides sustained and prolonged anti-HIV microbicidal activities. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.  56(6):3336-3343.

Selvarajah, S. Chatterji, U., Kuhn, R., Kinney, Vasudevan, S. G., and  Gallay, P.A. 2012. Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Dengue capsid. The Open Virology Journal. 6:29-37.


2011


Gallay, P.A. 2011. Cyclophilin inhibitors: a novel class of promising host targeting anti-HCV agents.  Immunologic Research. 13(3):403-417.

de Witte, L., Bobardt, M.D, Chatterji, U., van Loenen, F.B., Verjans, G.M., Geijtenbeek, T.B.H. and  Gallay, P.A. 2011. HSV Neutralization by the Microbicidal Candidate C5A.  PLoS One, 6(5):e18917.

Gregory, M.A., Moss, S. J., Coates, N., Foster, T., Bobardt, M., Chatterji, U.,  Gallay, P. A., Leyssen, P., Neyts, J., Nur-E-Alam, M., Piraee, M., Suthar, D., Warneck, T., Zhang, M.-Q., and Wilkinson, B. 2011. Preclinical characterization of naturally occurring polyketide cyclophilin inhibitors from the sanglifehrin family.  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 55:1975-1981.

Foster, T.,  Gallay, P.A., Stonehouse, N. and Harris, M. 2011. Cyclophilin A interacts with domain II of hepatitis C virus NS5A and stimulates RNA binding in an isomerase-dependent manner.  J. of Virol. 85:7460-7464.

Chamoun AM, Chockalingam K, Bobardt M, Simeon R, Chang J,  Gallay P., Chen Z. 2011. PD 404,182 is a virucidal small molecule that disrupts hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.  56(2):672-681.

Moss SJ, Bobardt M, Leyssen P, Coates N, Chatterji U, Dejian X, Foster T, Liu J, Nur-e-Alam M, Suthar D, Yongsheng C, Warneck T, Neyts J,  Gallay P., Wilkinson B, Gregory MA. 2011. Sangamides, a new class of cyclophilin inhibiting host targeted antivirals for treatment of HCV infection. Med. Chem. Commun. 3:944-949.


2010


Waller, H., Chatterji, U.,  Gallay, P., Parkinson, T., Targett-Adams, P. 2010. The use of AlphaLISA technology to detect interaction between hepatitis C virus-encoded NS5A and cyclophilin A.   J. Virol. Methods 165:202-210.

Bobardt, M.D., Chatterji, U., Schaffer, L., de Witte, L., and  Gallay, P.A., 2010. Syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule as a potent in vitro microbicidal anti-HIV-1 agent.  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54:2753-2766.

Chatterji, U., Lim, P., Bobardt, M.D., Wieland, S., Cordek, D.G., Vuagniaux, G., Chisari, F., Cameron, C.E., Targett-Adams, P., Parkinson, T., and  Gallay, P.A. 2010. HCV resistance to cyclosporin A does not correlate with a resistance of the NS5A–cyclophilin A interaction to cyclophilin inhibitors.   J. Hepatol., 53:50-56.

Chatterji, U., Bobardt, M.D., Lim, P.,  Gallay, P.A. 2010. Cyclophilin A-independent recruitment of NS5A and NS5B into hepatitis C virus replication complexes.  J. Gen. Virol. 91:1189-1193.

Fischer, G.,  Gallay, P.A., Hopkins, S. Cyclophilin inhibitors for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. 2010. Curr. Opin. Investig.  Drugs, 11:911-918.

Coelmont, L., Chatterji, U., Hanoulle, X., Berger, C., Snoeck, J., Bobardt, M., Lim, P., Vliegen, I., Paeshuyse, J., Vuagniaux, G., Bartenschlager, R.,  Gallay, P.A., Lippens, G., and Neyts, J. 2010. Debio 025 (Alisporivir) Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Preventing a Cyclophilin A Induced Cis-Trans Isomerisation in Domain II of NS5A.  PLoS One, 5:e13687.


2009

Chatterji, U., Bobardt, M., Selvarajah, S., Yang,F., Tang, H. Sakamoto, N Vuagniaux, G., Parkinson, T., and  Gallay, P. 2009. The isomerase active site of cyclophilin A is critical for hepatitis C virus replication.   J. Biol. Chem. 284:16998-17005.

Gallay, P.A. 2009. Cyclophilin inhibitors.  Clin. Liver Dis. 13:403-417.


2008


Cheng, G., Montero, A., Gastaminza, P., Whitten-Bauer, C., Wieland, S. F., Isogawa, M. Fredericksen, B., Selvarajah, S.,  Gallay, P., Ghadiri, R., and Chisari, F. V.  2008. A virocidal amphipathic alpha-helical peptide that inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in vitro.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105:3088-3093.

Bobardt, M., Cheng, G., de Witte, L., Selvarajah, S., Chatterji, U., Beer, B., Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., Chisari, F. V., and  Gallay, P. A.  2008. Hepatitis C virus NS5A anchor peptide disrupts human immunodeficiency virus.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 5525-5530.

Flisiak, R., Horban, A.,  Gallay, P., Bobardt, M., Selvarajah, S., Wiercinska-Drapalo, A., Siwak, A., Cielniak, I., Higersberger, J., Kierkus, J., Aeschlimann, C., Grosgurin, P., Nicolas-Métral, V., Dumont, J.-M., Porchet, H., Crabbé, R., and Scalfaro, P.  2008. The cyclophilin inhibitor Debio 025 shows potent anti-HCV effect in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in HIV/HCV infected patients.   Hepatology. 47:817-826.

Ptak, R.,  Gallay, P. A., Jochmans, D., Halestrap, A. P.,  Ruegg, U. T., Pallansch, L. A., Bobardt, M. D., De Bethune, M.-P., Neyts, J., De Clercq,E., Dumont, J.-M., Scalfaro, P., Besseghir, K., Wenger, R. M., and Rosenwirth, B. 2008. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human cells by Debio-025, a novel cyclophilin binding agent.   Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 1302-1307.


2007

Bobardt, M.D., Chatterji, U., Selvarajah, S., Van der Schueren B., David, G., Kahn, B. and  Gallay, P.A.  2007. Cell-free HIV-1 transcytosis through primary genital epithelial cells.  J. Virol. 81:395-405.

de Witte, L., Bobardt, M.D., Chatterji, U., Degeest, G., David, G., Geijtenbeek, T.B.H., and  Gallay, P. A.  2007. Syndecan-3 is a dendritic cell-specific attachment receptor for HIV-1.   Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 19464-1949.


2006


Chatterji, U., Bobardt, M.D., Gaskill, P., Sheeter, D., Fox, H. and  Gallay P.A. 2006. Trim 5alpha accelerates degradation of cytosolic capsid associated with productive HIV-1 entry.   J. Biol. Chem. 281:37025-37033.


2005


de Parseval, A., Bobardt, M.D., Chatterji, A., Chatterji, U., Elder, J.H, David, G., Zolla-Pazner, S., Farzan, M., Lee, T.-H. and  Gallay, P.A.   2005. A highly conserved arginine in gp120 governs HIV-1 binding to both syndecans and CCR5 via sulfated motifs.   J. Biol. Chem. 280:39493-39504.

Chatterji, U., Bobardt, M.D., Stanfield, R., Ptak, R.G., Pallansch, L.A., Ward, P.A., Jones, M.J., Stoddart, C.A., Scalfaro, P., Dumont, J.M., Besseghir, K., Rosenwirth, B. and  Gallay, P.A.  2005. Naturally occurring capsid substitutions render HIV-1 cyclophilin A independent in human cells and TRIM-cyclophilin-resistant in owl monkey cells.   J. Biol. Chem. 280:40293-40300.


2004


Gallay, P.A.
  2004. Syndecans and HIV-1 pathogenesis.   Microbes and Infection 6:617-622.

Bobardt, M.D., Salmon, P., Wang, L., Esko, J.D., Gabuzda, D., Fiala, M., Trono, D., Van der Schueren, B., David, G. and  Gallay, P.A.  2004. Contribution of proteoglycans to HIV-1 brain invasion.   J. Virol. 78:6567-6584.

Bobardt, M.D., Armand-Ugón, M., Clotet, I., Zhang, Z., David, G., Este, J.A. and  Gallay, P.A.  2004. Effect of polyanion-resistance on HIV-1 infection.   Virology 325:389-398.


2003


Bobardt, M.D., Saphire, A.C.S., Hung, H-C., Yu, X., Van der Schueren, B., Zhang, Z., David, G. and  Gallay, P.A.  2003. Syndecan captures, protects and transmits HIV-1 to T-lymphocytes.   Immunity 18:27-39.