Scripps Scientists Link Ozone to Atherosclerosis

Detection of Toxic "Atheronal" Molecules May Lead to New Diagnostics

By Jason Socrates Bardi

A team of investigators led by The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) President Richard A. Lerner, and TSRI Associate Professor Paul Wentworth, Jr., are reporting evidence for the production of ozone in fatty atherosclerotic plaques taken from diseased arteries.

Lerner, who is is Lita Annenberg Hazen Professor of Immunochemistry holds the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Chair in Chemistry at TSRI, and is a member of TSRI's Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Wentworth, and their colleagues have been looking at the production of ozone molecules within the human body for the last year and a half—ever since they made the completely unexpected discovery that human antibodies generate a product with the chemical signature of ozone. Ozone is a highly reactive molecule that has never before been considered part of biology.

So if antibodies produce ozone in the human body, the TSRI scientists asked, what is the ozone doing there? Their report, out in this week's issue of the journal Science, details what they found.

In their report, Lerner, Wentworth, and their colleagues describe how ozone can trigger pathological changes in other molecules in the body, like cholesterol, which ozone breaks down to produce toxic compounds. The scientists describe two such compounds, which they call the "atheronals." These atheronals were found in atherosclerotic plaques that were surgically removed from patients with atherosclerosis.

The scientists suggest these newly identified products are critical to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis because they are toxic to white blood cells, smooth muscle cells, and cells from the arterial walls—all the major types of cells in and around atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, they suggest that atheronals and similar products of ozonolysis may contribute to a number of other diseases, such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

"Ozone is damaging, and it is really a problem that we are going to have to think about in the next few years," says Wentworth. "There may be a whole slew of molecules that ozone generates that we have never thought about before."

Finally, Lerner, Wentworth, and their colleagues detail how one of the atheronals was found in the blood of patients who have late-stage atherosclerosis, but not in healthy individuals. This suggests that the presence of atheronals may be a good indicator of late-stage arterial inflammation—perhaps the basis for a diagnostic test for atherosclerosis.

Currently, physicians use other risk factors to identify a patient's risk: elevated cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity and a family history of vascular disease at an age less than 55. These indicators are not always reliable, and there is a substantial fraction of patients who develop atherosclerosis without displaying these risk factors.

Sensitive diagnostic markers that would allow early identification of patients at risk of life-threatening atherosclerosis would be a boon to preventative medicine.

Atherosclerosis and Ozone Atherosclerosis is a common vascular disease that increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. In fact, heart disease is the most common cause of death in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics for 2000 list 878,471 deaths from heart disease and stroke, followed by 553,091 for cancer.

The name of the disease comes from the Greek athero (which means gruel or paste) and sclerosis (which means hardness). And, as the name implies, it is a disease that is characterized by a hardening of the arteries over time due to the buildup of hard plaques—fibrous tissue, calcium, fat, cholesterol, proteins, cells, and other materials—on the inner "endothelial" walls of an artery. These plaques feel something like cartilage to the touch, which explains why atherosclerosis is commonly called hardening of the arteries.

Over the last few years, evidence has been accumulating that the process of atherosclerosis has a significant inflammatory component. Given this evidence, Lerner, Wentworth and their colleagues thought they would look at tissue involved in the disease for evidence of ozone.

Ozone is a particularly reactive form of oxygen that exists naturally as a trace gas in the atmosphere, constituting on average fewer than one part per million air molecules. The gas plays a crucial role in protecting life on earth from damaging solar radiation by concentrating in the upper reaches of Earth's stratosphere—about 25 kilometers above the surface—and absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Ozone is also a familiar component of air in industrial and urban settings where the highly reactive gas is a hazardous component of smog in the summer months.

Lerner and Wentworth realized that atherosclerotic plaques have all the ingredients needed to make ozone. They contain white blood cells, which have the ability to generate the singlet oxygen that the antibodies need to produce ozone—and plenty of antibodies passing by in the blood stream.

Ozone Present in Atherosclerotic Plaques Last year, Lerner and Wentworth approached Giacomo DeLaria, M.D., who is a vascular surgeon at nearby Scripps Clinic, and asked if they could obtain samples of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. DeLaria provided a sample of plaque material from a patient who recently underwent an endarterectomy, generously enabling Wentworth, Lerner, and their colleagues to perform their studies. Endarterectomies are common surgical procedures to remove plaques from the inner walls of atherosclerotic arteries.

"These are specimens we normally just inspect and throw away," says DeLaria, who is a coauthor of the study. "Within themselves, they have no diagnostic value, and they don't change what we do after the procedure."

Wentworth and Lerner tested this sample, and the results proved promising. They found some abnormalities that could be associated with the presence of ozone in these plaques. But they wanted to be sure. So DeLaria and his fellow vascular surgeon Ralph Dilley, M.D., provided several more samples.

When Lerner, Wentworth, and their colleagues studied the atherosclerotic plaque samples, they found the evidence they were looking for. The atheronals—signature products that were produced when the highly reactive ozone mixed with cholesterol—were evident in the plaques. This suggests that ozone production occurred as these plaques were being formed.

The article, "Evidence for Ozone Formation in Human Atherosclerotic Arteries" is authored by Paul Wentworth Jr., Jorge Nieva, Cindy Takeuchi, Roger Galve, Anita D. Wentworth, Ralph B. Dilley, Giacomo A. DeLaria, Alan Saven, Bernard M. Babior, Kim D. Janda, Albert Eschenmoser, and Richard A. Lerner. The article will be published in the November 7, 2003 issue of the journal Science, and it will be available online to Science subscribers this week at: http://www.sciencemag.org.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) research and training grants; by La Secretaria de Estado de Educacion y Universidades and El Fondo Social Europeo; and by The Skaggs Institute for Research.

 

 


These lipid-laden macrophages provide evidence of ozone generation in human atherosclerotic arteries. Image by Cindy Takeuchi and Bob Turner.