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Scripps Research Joint Appointments

Faculty, Kellogg School of Science and Technology

Research Focus

Work in my laboratory has focused on factors that influence the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) from rodent brain. Our initial work in this arena focused on signaling by cell and substrate adhesion molecules in NSCs and other neural cell types. Our recent work has focused on two arenas: (1) the influence of mitochondrial composition and function on NSC differentiation and (2) the effects of oxygen levels on NSC proliferation, migration, and differentiation.

Mitochondria and Neural Stem Cells

Neurons are high energy-requiring cells and thus are critically dependent on aerobic metabolism. Our studies on stem cells from embryonic rat cortex revealed that levels of several mitochondrial proteins increase upon NSC differentiation into neurons. Moreover, the neurons had higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than did the NSCs from which they were derived. This finding provided a means to prepare highly purified NSCs and neurons using FACS and ROS-sensitive dyes. Given that ROS are a natural byproduct of aerobic (i.e. mitochondrial) respiration, this observation focused our attention on mitochondrial composition and function as a possible driving force for neuronal differentiation.

Projects extending these observations focus on comparing mitochondrial composition and activity in NSCs and various neuronal types, and the role of mitochondrial fission and fusion in modulating these processes.

Influence of Oxygen Levels on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

Studies from our laboratory and several others have indicated that stem cell proliferation is enhanced and differentiation can be modulated when oxygen levels are lower than the 20% typically used in cell culture. Lower levels of oxygen are in fact physiological because the range of O2 levels measured in tissues ranges from 0.1 to 9%, in brain from 0.1 to 5%, and oxygen levels observed in the neural stem cell niche in vivo are among the lowest. Our recent studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 was increased in NSCs in 1% O2. MMP9 activity was responsible for the increased growth rate of these cells in 1% O2 over 20% O2, as blockade of MMP9 activity with a specific inhibitor completely prevented the increase in proliferation.

Lowered oxygen also caused alterations in levels of mRNA for several cell and substrate adhesion molecules and appeared to affect cell adhesion and possibly cell migration early in the differentiation process. In 1% O2, the production of actin-rich protrusions in neurons was stimulated. The major effect of lowered oxygen in cortical neural stem cell cultures appears to be a shift in the balance between cell and substrate adhesion.

Additional studies will clarify the effects of lowered O2 and MMP9 inhibition on cell adhesion and migration during both the growth and differentiation phases of culture. In addition, we are evaluating changes in migration and differentiation under high and low oxygen environments. Levels of adhesion and ECM molecules found to be altered by lower O2 will be assessed in the presence and absence of MMP9 inhibitors to determine which adhesion systems contribute to the observed effects on proliferation and differentiation.

Given that low O2 levels are consistent with the stem cell niche in vivo, the molecules found to be altered in lower oxygen need to be examined in developing embryos from wild type animals and transgenic animals in which such molecules have been perturbed.

Education

Ph.D., Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1982

Professional Experience

Postdoctoral Fellow, 1982-1986, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
Assistant Professor, The Rockefeller University, 1986-1992
Associate Member/Professor, The Scripps Research Institute, 1992-1997

Awards & Professional Activities

Senior Fellow, The Neurosciences Institute; Editorial board, Cell Adhesion and Communication, 1993-2001.

Selected References

For a complete list of publications: http://www.scripps.edu/crossin/publications.html

Crossin, K.L. (2012). Oxygen levels and the regulation of cell adhesion in the nervous system:  A control point for morphogenesis in development, disease, and evolution?  Cell Adhesion and Migration, 6(1): 49-58.

Ingraham, C.A., Park, G.C., Makarenkova, H., and Crossin K.L., (2011) Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 Induced by Wnt Signaling Increases the Proliferation and Migration of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells at Low O2 Levels.
J. Biol. Chem. 286:17649-17657.

Chen, S., Owens, G.C., Crossin K.L., and Edelman, D.B. (2007) Serotonin stimulates mitochondrial transport in hippocampal neurons, Mol. Cell. Neurosci, 36:472-83.

Tsatmali, M., Walcott, E.C., Makarenkova, H., and Crossin K.L. (2006) Reactive oxygen species modulate the differentiation of neurons in clonal cortical cultures. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 33: 345-357.

Mistry, S.K., Keefer, E.W., Cunningham, B.A., Edelman, G.M., and Crossin, K.L. (2002) Cultured rat hippocampal neural progenitors generate spontaneously active neural networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1621-1626.

Choi, J., Krushel, L.A., and Crossin, K.L. (2001) NF-kB activation by N-CAM and cytokines in astrocytes is regulated by multiple protein kinases and redox modulation. Glia 33, 45-56.

Crossin, K.L. and Krushel, L.A.(2000) Cellular signaling by neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Dev. Dyn. 218, 260-279.

Amoureux, M.-C., Cunningham, B.A., Edelman, G.M., and Crossin, K.L. (2000) N-CAM binding inhibits the proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells and stimulates their differentiation to a neuronal phenotype. J. Neurosci. 20, 3631-3640.